Botanical species · safety record

Catha edulis

The EFSA Compendium of Botanicals holds 15 constituent measurements, 12 adverse-effect records and 3 genotoxicity assays for Catha edulis. This page reports what those source records contain and how to reach them. It carries no effect estimate, no dose and no recommendation.

Accepted name in source: Catha edulis (Vahl) Endl.

15Constituent measurements

15Safety records

9Cited sources

0Licensed products (Canada)

Regulatory presence

No Health Canada licensed natural health product in the snapshot names this species as a medicinal ingredient under this exact binomial. Absence here means absence from this one register under this one name, not absence from trade, and not a safety verdict.

What the records describe

Constituents measured

Plant parts

Preparations

Effect types

Target tissues

Recorded constituents

What analytical work has found in this species, at which plant part and preparation. A measured constituent is a fact about material, not about effect.

Substance	Plant part	Preparation	Concentration	Analytical method	Source
(-)-cathinone	Leaves	Solvent extraction	≥ 6 Microgram/gram	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
(-)-cathinone	Aerial part of plants	Solvent extraction	≥ 85 Microgram/gram	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
(-)-cathinone	Aerial part of plants	Solvent extraction	≤ 188 Microgram/gram	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
(-)-cathinone	Leaves	Solvent extraction	≤ 368 Microgram/gram	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
1-phenylpropan-1,2-dione	Aerial part of plants	Solvent extraction	≥ 6 Microgram/gram	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
1-phenylpropan-1,2-dione	Aerial part of plants	Solvent extraction	≤ 52 Microgram/gram	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
1-phenylpropan-1,2-dione	Leaves	Solvent extraction	≤ 114 Microgram/gram	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
1-phenylpropan-1,2-dione	Leaves	Solvent extraction	≥ 3 Microgram/gram	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
Cathine	Leaves	Solvent extraction	≤ 500 Microgram/gram	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
Cathine	Leaves	Solvent extraction	≥ 43 Microgram/gram	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
Cathine	Aerial part of plants	Solvent extraction	≤ 778 Microgram/gram	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
Cathine	Aerial part of plants	Solvent extraction	≥ 255 Microgram/gram	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
Norephedrine	Aerial part of plants	Solvent extraction	≤ 299 Microgram/gram	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
Norephedrine	Aerial part of plants	Solvent extraction	≥ 17 Microgram/gram	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
Oxazolidines	Aerial part of plants	Solvent extraction	—	GC-MS	Resolve DOI

Recorded adverse effects

Adverse effects reported in the source literature, most often in animal or laboratory models at a stated preparation and dose.

Effect	Target tissue	Plant part	Preparation	Test organism	Test type	Source
Reproductive	Urogenital: ovaries	Leaves	Solvent extraction	Rat (as animal)	Reproduction toxicity	Resolve DOI
Reproductive	Urogenital: ovaries	Leaves	Solvent extraction	Rat (as animal)	Reproduction toxicity	Resolve DOI
Teratogenic	—	Aerial part of plants	Solvent extraction	Rat (as animal)	Reproduction toxicity	Resolve DOI
Teratogenic	—	Aerial part of plants	Solvent extraction	Rat (as animal)	Reproduction toxicity	Resolve DOI
Neurotoxicity	Brain	Leaves	Solvent extraction	House mouse (as animal)	Short-term toxicity	No resolvable identifier
Neurotoxicity	Brain	Leaves	Solvent extraction	House mouse (as animal)	Short-term toxicity	No resolvable identifier
Neurotoxicity	Brain	Leaves	Solvent extraction	House mouse (as animal)	Short-term toxicity	No resolvable identifier
Neurotoxicity	Brain	Leaves	Solvent extraction	House mouse (as animal)	Short-term toxicity	No resolvable identifier
Pulmonary and cardiac	Lung	Leaves	Solvent extraction	House mouse (as animal)	Chronic/long term toxicity	No resolvable identifier
Pulmonary and cardiac	Lung	Leaves	Solvent extraction	House mouse (as animal)	Chronic/long term toxicity	No resolvable identifier
Systemic	—	Leaves	Solvent extraction	House mouse (as animal)	Chronic/long term toxicity	No resolvable identifier
Systemic	—	Leaves	Solvent extraction	House mouse (as animal)	Chronic/long term toxicity	No resolvable identifier

Genotoxicity testing

Outcomes of genotoxicity assays as recorded in the source. A negative assay is a result under those test conditions, not a clearance.

Outcome	Endpoint	Test	Tested organism	Metabolic activation	Source
Positive	DNA damage and/or repair	micronucleus assay	Human (as organism)	Not applicable	Resolve DOI
Positive	DNA damage and/or repair	micronucleus assay	Human (as organism)	Not applicable	Resolve DOI
Positive	chromosome aberration	chromosome aberration assay	Rat (as animal)	No data	Resolve DOI

Cited sources

The literature the compendium cites for this species. Metatron Health has no relationship with these authors or journals and earns nothing from citing them.

Krizevski, Raz., Dudai, Nativ., Bar, Einat., Lewinsohn, Efraim. Developmental patterns of phenylpropylamino alkaloids accumulation in khat (Catha edulis, Forsk.) . Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2007, vol. 114, no. 3, p. 432-438. DOI
Krizevski, Raz., Dudai, Nativ., Bar, Einat., Dessow, Ilana., Ravid, Uzi., Lewinsohn, Efraim. Quantitative stereoisomeric determination of phenylpropylamino alkaloids in khat (Catha edulis Forsk.) using chiral GC-MS . Israel journal of plant sciences, 2008, vol. 56, no. 3, p. 207-213. DOI
Tariq, M., Parmar, N.S., Islamr, M.W., Ai-Meshal, I.A. Evaluation of khat (Catha edulis Forssk) for antifertility activity in rats. Phytotherapy research, 1987, vol. 1, no. 4, p. 158-160. DOI
al-Meshal, I A., Qureshi, S., Ageel, A M., Tariq, M. The toxicity of Catha edulis (khat) in mice.. Journal of substance abuse, 1991, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 107-15.
Al-Zubairi, Adel., Ismail, Patimah., Pei, Chong Pei., Rahmat, Asmah. Genotoxic effect of Catha edulis (khat) crude extract after sub-chronic administration in rats . Environmental toxicology and pharmacology, 2008, vol. 25, no. 3, p. 298-303. DOI
Ali, Elham H. A., Hegazy, Hoda G., Mosaad, Rehab M. Interaction between pro-inflammatory cytokines and brain oxidative stress biomarkers of khat, cathinone and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride intoxication in male mice. African journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 2015, vol. 9, no. 23, p. 585-594.
ISLAM, MW., ALSHABANAH, OA., ALHARBI, MM., ALGHARABLY, NMA. EVALUATION OF TERATOGENIC POTENTIAL OF KHAT (CATHA-EDULIS FORSK) IN RATS. Drug and chemical toxicology, 1994, vol. 17, no. 1, p. 51-68. DOI
Kassie, F., Darroudi, F., Kundi, M., Schulte-Hermann, R., Knasmuller, S. Khat (Catha edulis) consumption causes genotoxic effects in humans. International journal of cancer, 2001, vol. 92, no. 3, p. 329-332. DOI
Krizevski, Raz., Bar, Einat., Dudai, Nativ., Levy, Asaf., Lewinsohn, Efraim., Sitrit, Yaron., Ben-Shabat, Shimon. Naturally Occurring Norephedrine Oxazolidine Derivatives in Khat (Catha edulis) . Planta medica, 2012, vol. 78, no. 8, p. 838-842. DOI

Boundary

A constituent measurement is a fact about material at a stated preparation, not a statement about what that material does in a person. An adverse-effect or genotoxicity record is an observation reported in a source, most often in an animal or laboratory model. Neither is a Metatron Health conclusion about causality, human risk or benefit, and the absence of a record is not proof that a preparation is safe. Nothing here is diagnosis, prescribing or individual medical care.

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Independent literature