Botanical species · safety record

Citrus limon

The EFSA Compendium of Botanicals holds 26 constituent measurements, 2 adverse-effect records and 1 genotoxicity assay for Citrus limon. This page reports what those source records contain and how to reach them. It carries no effect estimate, no dose and no recommendation.

Accepted name in source: Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck

26Constituent measurements

3Safety records

9Cited sources

392Licensed products (Canada)

Also recorded as

Citrus limon Burm. F.

Synonyms are carried from the source compendium. A species may be traded and studied under more than one name, which is exactly how a safety record gets lost.

Regulatory presence

Health Canada's Licensed Natural Health Products Database holds 392 licensed products naming Citrus limon as a medicinal ingredient, matched on the exact Latin binomial. A licence records that a product met the regulator's requirements for sale in Canada. It is not evidence that the product works.

Extract types on licence

Dry
Fresh

Source material stated

Citrus limon
Citrus limon - Fruit
Citrus limon - Fruit peel
Citrus limon - peel
Citrus limon - rind
Edible fruit part
Fruit
Fruit Juice

What the records describe

Constituents measured

Plant parts

Preparations

Effect types

Target tissues

Recorded constituents

What analytical work has found in this species, at which plant part and preparation. A measured constituent is a fact about material, not about effect.

Substance	Plant part	Preparation	Concentration	Analytical method	Source
8-geranoxypsoralen	Fruit peel	Essential oil	≥ 19 Milligram/100 gram	HPLC-DAD	Resolve DOI
8-geranoxypsoralen	Fruit peel	Essential oil	≤ 36 Milligram/100 gram	HPLC-DAD	Resolve DOI
Bergamottin	Fruit peel	Essential oil	≤ 291 Milligram/100 gram	HPLC-DAD	Resolve DOI
Bergamottin	Fruit peel	Essential oil	≥ 160 Milligram/100 gram	HPLC-DAD	Resolve DOI
Bergamottin	Fruit peel	Solvent extraction	72.27 Microgram/gram	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
Bergapten	Fruit peel	Solvent extraction	2.57 Microgram/gram	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
Byakangelicol	Fruit peel	Essential oil	≥ 66 Milligram/100 gram	HPLC-DAD	Resolve DOI
Byakangelicol	Fruit peel	Essential oil	≤ 123 Milligram/100 gram	HPLC-DAD	Resolve DOI
Coumarins	Fruit peel	Essential oil	≥ 180 Milligram/100 gram	HPLC-DAD	Resolve DOI
Coumarins	Fruit peel	Essential oil	≤ 250 Milligram/100 gram	HPLC-DAD	Resolve DOI
Coumarins	Fruit peel	Solvent extraction	—	Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)	Resolve DOI
Furanocoumarins	Fruit peel	Solvent extraction	—	Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)	Resolve DOI
Isopimpinellin	Fruit peel	Solvent extraction	0.14 Microgram/gram	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
Limettin	Fruit peel	Essential oil	≥ 52 Milligram/100 gram	HPLC-DAD	Resolve DOI
Limettin	Fruit peel	Essential oil	≤ 142 Milligram/100 gram	HPLC-DAD	Resolve DOI
Limonoids	Fruit peel	Solvent extraction	—	Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)	Resolve DOI
Oxypeucedanin	Fruit peel	Essential oil	≤ 157 Milligram/100 gram	HPLC-DAD	Resolve DOI
Oxypeucedanin	Fruit peel	Essential oil	≥ 89 Milligram/100 gram	HPLC-DAD	Resolve DOI
P-menth-1-en-3-one	Leaves	Essential oil	2.29 Percent	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
Scoparone	Leaves	Solvent extraction	—	HPLC with standard detection methods	Resolve DOI
Scopoletin	Leaves	Solvent extraction	—	HPLC with standard detection methods	Resolve DOI
Seselin	Leaves	Solvent extraction	—	HPLC with standard detection methods	Resolve DOI
Synephrine	Fruit unspecified	Solvent extraction	≤ 0.045 Percent	High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC)	Resolve DOI
Synephrine	Fruit unspecified	Solvent extraction	≥ 0.037 Percent	High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC)	Resolve DOI
Synephrine	Leaves	Solvent extraction	0.01 Percent	High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC)	Resolve DOI
Xanthyletin	Roots and other underground parts	—	—	Unspecified	No resolvable identifier

Recorded adverse effects

Adverse effects reported in the source literature, most often in animal or laboratory models at a stated preparation and dose.

Effect	Target tissue	Plant part	Preparation	Test organism	Test type	Source
Reproductive	Testes	Leaves	Solvent extraction	House mouse (as animal)	Reproduction toxicity	Resolve DOI
Reproductive	Testes	Leaves	Solvent extraction	House mouse (as animal)	Reproduction toxicity	Resolve DOI

Genotoxicity testing

Outcomes of genotoxicity assays as recorded in the source. A negative assay is a result under those test conditions, not a clearance.

Outcome	Endpoint	Test	Tested organism	Metabolic activation	Source
Positive	gene mutation	somatic mutation assay in Drosophila	Drosophila melanogaster (as animal)	Not applicable	Resolve DOI

Cited sources

The literature the compendium cites for this species. Metatron Health has no relationship with these authors or journals and earns nothing from citing them.

Singh, Nidhi., Singh, Shio Kumar. Citrus limon extract: possible inhibitory mechanisms affecting testicular functions and fertility in male mice . Systems biology in reproductive medicine, 2016, vol. 62, no. 1, p. 39-48. DOI
Banerji, J., Ghoshal, N., Sarkar, S., Kumar, M. Studies on Rutaceae. Part II. Chemical investigations of the constituents of Atalantia wightii, Limonia crenulata, Feronia limonia, Citrus limon and synthesis of luvangetin, xanthyletin, and marmin. Indian journal of chemistry, section b: organic chemistry including medicinal chemistry, 1982, vol. 21B, no. 5, p. 496-8.
Fernandez-Bedmar, Zahira., Anter, Jaouad., de La Cruz-Ares, Silvia., Munoz-Serrano, Andres., Alonso-Moraga, Angeles., Perez-Guisado, Joaquin. ROLE OF CITRUS JUICES AND DISTINCTIVE COMPONENTS IN THE MODULATION OF DEGENERATIVE PROCESSES: GENOTOXICITY, ANTIGENOTOXICITY, CYTOTOXICITY, AND LONGEVITY IN DROSOPHILA . Journal of toxicology and environmental health-part a-current issues, 2011, vol. 74, no. 15-16, p. 1052-1066. DOI
Arbo, M. D., Larentis, E. R., Linck, V. M., Aboy, A. L., Pimentel, A. L., Henriques, A. T., Dallegrave, E., Garcia, S. C., Leal, M. B., Limberger, R. P. Concentrations of p-synephrine in fruits and leaves of Citrus species (Rutaceae) and the acute toxicity testing of Citrus aurantium extract and p-synephrine. FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY, 2008, vol. 46, no. 8, p. 2770-2775. DOI
ZOBEL, AM., WANG, JY., MARCH, RE., BROWN, SA. IDENTIFICATION OF 8 COUMARINS OCCURRING WITH PSORALEN, XANTHOTOXIN, AND BERGAPTEN ON LEAF SURFACES . Journal of chemical ecology, 1991, vol. 17, no. 9, p. 1859-1870. DOI
Dugo, P., Mondello, L., Cogliandro, E., Cavazza, A., Dugo, G. On the genuineness of citrus essential oils. Part LIII. Determination of the composition of the oxygen heterocyclic fraction of lemon essential oils (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.) by normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography . Flavour and fragrance journal, 1998, vol. 13, no. 5, p. 329-334. DOI
Matsumoto, Takahiro., Takahashi, Kazuki., Kanayama, Sumire., Nakano, Yuka., Imai, Hiromi., Kibi, Masumi., Imahori, Daisuke., Hasei, Tomohiro., Watanabe, Tetsushi. Structures of antimutagenic constituents in the peels of Citrus limon.. Journal of natural medicines, 2017. DOI
Peroutka, Radek., Schulzova, Vera., Botek, Petr., Hajslova, Jana. Analysis of furanocoumarins in vegetables (Apiaceae) anal citrus fruits (Rutaceae). JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, 2007, vol. 87, no. 11, p. 2152-2163. DOI
Karaborklu, Salih., Ayvaz, Abdurrahman., Yilmaz, Semih., Akbulut, Mikail. Chemical Composition and Fumigant Toxicity of Some Essential Oils Against Ephestia kuehniella . Journal of economic entomology, 2011, vol. 104, no. 4, p. 1212-1219. DOI

Boundary

A constituent measurement is a fact about material at a stated preparation, not a statement about what that material does in a person. An adverse-effect or genotoxicity record is an observation reported in a source, most often in an animal or laboratory model. Neither is a Metatron Health conclusion about causality, human risk or benefit, and the absence of a record is not proof that a preparation is safe. Nothing here is diagnosis, prescribing or individual medical care.

Continue

Independent literature