Botanical species · safety record

Citrus x

The EFSA Compendium of Botanicals holds 19 constituent measurements, 4 adverse-effect records and 1 genotoxicity assay for Citrus x. This page reports what those source records contain and how to reach them. It carries no effect estimate, no dose and no recommendation.

Accepted name in source: Citrus x latifolia (Tanaka ex Yu. Tanaka) Tanaka

19Constituent measurements

5Safety records

8Cited sources

0Licensed products (Canada)

Also recorded as

Citrus x aurantiifolia var. latifolia Tanaka ex Yu. Tanaka

Synonyms are carried from the source compendium. A species may be traded and studied under more than one name, which is exactly how a safety record gets lost.

Regulatory presence

No Health Canada licensed natural health product in the snapshot names this species as a medicinal ingredient under this exact binomial. Absence here means absence from this one register under this one name, not absence from trade, and not a safety verdict.

What the records describe

Constituents measured

Plant parts

Preparations

Effect types

Target tissues

Recorded constituents

What analytical work has found in this species, at which plant part and preparation. A measured constituent is a fact about material, not about effect.

Substance	Plant part	Preparation	Concentration	Analytical method	Source
8-geranoxypsoralen	Unspecified	Essential oil	—	HPLC-DAD	Resolve DOI
Bergamottin	Unspecified	Essential oil	—	HPLC-DAD	Resolve DOI
Bergapten	Unspecified	Essential oil	—	HPLC-DAD	Resolve DOI
Cnidilin	Unspecified	Essential oil	—	HPLC-DAD	Resolve DOI
Coumarins	Unspecified	Essential oil	—	HPLC-DAD	Resolve DOI
Furanocoumarins	Unspecified	Essential oil	—	HPLC-DAD	Resolve DOI
Herniarin	Unspecified	Essential oil	—	HPLC-DAD	Resolve DOI
Imperatorin	Unspecified	Essential oil	—	HPLC-DAD	Resolve DOI
Isopimpinellin	Unspecified	Essential oil	—	HPLC-DAD	Resolve DOI
Limettin	Unspecified	Essential oil	—	HPLC-DAD	Resolve DOI
Myrcene	Unspecified	Essential oil	1.44 Percent	GC-FID	Resolve DOI
Oxypeucedanin	Unspecified	Essential oil	—	HPLC-DAD	Resolve DOI
Synephrine	Fruit unspecified	Solvent extraction	≥ 0.041 Percent	HPLC-UV	Resolve DOI
Synephrine	Leaves	Solvent extraction	0.007 Percent	HPLC-UV	Resolve DOI
Myrcene	Fruit peel	Essential oil	1.4 Percent	GC-MS	No resolvable identifier
Myrcene	Leaves	Essential oil	≤ 4.3 Percent	GC-MS	No resolvable identifier
Myrcene	Trunk	Essential oil	≤ 2.1 Percent	GC-MS	No resolvable identifier
Myrcene	Trunk	Essential oil	≥ 1.5 Percent	GC-MS	No resolvable identifier
Myrcene	Leaves	Essential oil	≥ 0.7 Percent	GC-MS	No resolvable identifier

Recorded adverse effects

Adverse effects reported in the source literature, most often in animal or laboratory models at a stated preparation and dose.

Effect	Target tissue	Plant part	Preparation	Test organism	Test type	Source
Neurotoxicity	Neurologic	Fruit unspecified	Solvent extraction	House mouse (as animal)	Acute toxicity	Resolve DOI
None	—	Fruit unspecified	Solvent extraction	Rat (as animal)	Short-term toxicity	Resolve DOI
Pulmonary and cardiac	Heart	Fruit unspecified	Solvent extraction	Rat (as animal)	Short-term toxicity	Resolve DOI
None	—	Fruit unspecified	Solvent extraction	House mouse (as animal)	Acute toxicity	No resolvable identifier

Genotoxicity testing

Outcomes of genotoxicity assays as recorded in the source. A negative assay is a result under those test conditions, not a clearance.

Outcome	Endpoint	Test	Tested organism	Metabolic activation	Source
Positive	gene mutation	bacterial reverse mutation assay	Salmonella typhimurium (as organism)	With	Resolve DOI

Cited sources

The literature the compendium cites for this species. Metatron Health has no relationship with these authors or journals and earns nothing from citing them.

Dugo, P., Mondello, L., Lamonica, G., Dugo, G. Characterization of cold-pressed Key and Persian lime oils by gas chromatography, gas chromatography mass spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, and physicochemical indices. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY, 1997, vol. 45, no. 9, p. 3608-3616. DOI
Feger, W., Brandauer, H., Gabris, P., Ziegler, H. Nonvolatiles of commercial lime and grapefruit oils separated by high-speed countercurrent chromatography. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2006, vol. 54, no. 6, p. 2242-2252. DOI
Ruiz-Perez, Nancy J., Gonzalez-Avila, Marisela., Sanchez-Navarrete, Jaime., Toscano-Garibay, Julia D., Moreno-Eutimio, Mario A., Sandoval-Hernandez, Teresa., Arriaga-Alba, Myriam. Antimycotic Activity and Genotoxic Evaluation of Citrus sinensis and Citrus latifolia Essential Oils.. Scientific reports, 2016, vol. 6, p. 25371.
Ortiz, J. M., Kumamoto, J., Scora, R. W. Possible relationships among sour oranges by analysis of their essential oils. International flavours and food additives, 1978, p. 224-226.
Arbo, M. D., Larentis, E. R., Linck, V. M., Aboy, A. L., Pimentel, A. L., Henriques, A. T., Dallegrave, E., Garcia, S. C., Leal, M. B., Limberger, R. P. Concentrations of p-synephrine in fruits and leaves of Citrus species (Rutaceae) and the acute toxicity testing of Citrus aurantium extract and p-synephrine. FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY, 2008, vol. 46, no. 8, p. 2770-2775. DOI
Abudayyak, Mahmoud., Ozdemir Nath, Ebru., Ozhan, Gul. Toxic potentials of ten herbs commonly used for aphrodisiac effect in Turkey. TURKISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, 2015, vol. 45, no. 3, p. 496-506. DOI
Parra, AL., Yhebra, RS., Sardinas, IG., Buela, LI. Comparative study of the assay of Artemia salina L. and the estimate of the medium lethal dose (LD50 value) in mice, to determine oral acute toxicity of plant extracts. PHYTOMEDICINE, 2001, vol. 8, no. 5, p. 395-400.
Calapai, G., Firenzuoli, F., Saitta, A., Squadrito, F., Arlotta, MR., Costantino, G., Inferrera, G. Antiobesity and cardiovascular toxic effects of Citrus aurantium extracts in the rat: a preliminary report. FITOTERAPIA, 1999, vol. 70, no. 6, p. 586-592. DOI

Boundary

A constituent measurement is a fact about material at a stated preparation, not a statement about what that material does in a person. An adverse-effect or genotoxicity record is an observation reported in a source, most often in an animal or laboratory model. Neither is a Metatron Health conclusion about causality, human risk or benefit, and the absence of a record is not proof that a preparation is safe. Nothing here is diagnosis, prescribing or individual medical care.

Continue

Independent literature