Botanical species · safety record

Conium maculatum

The EFSA Compendium of Botanicals holds 61 constituent measurements and 26 adverse-effect records for Conium maculatum. This page reports what those source records contain and how to reach them. It carries no effect estimate, no dose and no recommendation.

Accepted name in source: Conium maculatum L.

61Constituent measurements

26Safety records

15Cited sources

118Licensed products (Canada)

Regulatory presence

Health Canada's Licensed Natural Health Products Database holds 118 licensed products naming Conium maculatum as a medicinal ingredient, matched on the exact Latin binomial. A licence records that a product met the regulator's requirements for sale in Canada. It is not evidence that the product works.

Source material stated

Aerial parts
Flower buds
Flower tops
Flowering top(s)
Flowering tops
Fresh aerial parts of flowering but not yet fruiting specimens
Herb
Tincture of the flowering tops

What the records describe

Constituents measured

Plant parts

Preparations

Effect types

Target tissues

Recorded constituents

What analytical work has found in this species, at which plant part and preparation. A measured constituent is a fact about material, not about effect.

Substance	Plant part	Preparation	Concentration	Analytical method	Source
Alkaloids	Unspecified	Fresh	—	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Fruit unspecified	Solvent extraction	2.5 Percent	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Seed	Solvent extraction	≥ 0.002 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Stem / stalk	Solvent extraction	0.009 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Fruit unspecified	Solvent extraction	0.01 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Roots and other underground parts	—	≥ 0.01 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Roots and other underground parts	Solvent extraction	≥ 0.01 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Seed	—	≥ 0.02 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Shoot	—	≥ 0.02 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Shoot	Solvent extraction	≥ 0.02 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Shoot	Solvent extraction	0.15 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Seed	Solvent extraction	0.18 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Fruit unspecified	—	≥ 0.2 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Fruit unspecified	Solvent extraction	≥ 0.21 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Fruit unspecified	Solvent extraction	≥ 0.23 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Leaves	Solvent extraction	≥ 0.29 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Leaves	—	≥ 0.3 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Leaves	Solvent extraction	≥ 0.32 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Fruit unspecified	Solvent extraction	≤ 0.36 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Roots and other underground parts	—	≤ 0.5 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Roots and other underground parts	Solvent extraction	≤ 0.5 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Shoot	—	≤ 0.7 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Flower	Solvent extraction	0.75 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Seed	Solvent extraction	≤ 0.76 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Shoot	Solvent extraction	≤ 0.76 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Leaves	Solvent extraction	≤ 0.86 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Seed	—	≤ 0.9 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Flower	—	1 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Fruit unspecified	—	≤ 1 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Fruit unspecified	Solvent extraction	≥ 1.03 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Flower	Solvent extraction	1.04 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Fruit unspecified	Solvent extraction	≤ 1.07 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Leaves	Solvent extraction	≤ 1.49 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Leaves	—	≤ 1.5 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Fruit unspecified	—	≥ 1.6 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Fruit unspecified	—	≤ 3 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Fruit unspecified	Solvent extraction	≤ 3 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Bergapten	Leaves	Solvent extraction	—	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
Coniine	Seed	Solvent extraction	0.001 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Coniine	Roots and other underground parts	Solvent extraction	0.026 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI

40 of 61 records are shown, ordered so that records carrying a resolvable reference come first.

Recorded adverse effects

Adverse effects reported in the source literature, most often in animal or laboratory models at a stated preparation and dose.

Effect	Target tissue	Plant part	Preparation	Test organism	Test type	Source
Musclo-skeletal	Muscle, skeletal	Unspecified	—	Goat (as animal)	Case report	Resolve DOI
Not reported	—	Unspecified	—	Turkey (as animal)	Case report	Resolve DOI
Not reported	—	Unspecified	—	Horse (as animal)	Case report	Resolve DOI
Not reported	—	Unspecified	—	Common Quail (as animal)	Case report	Resolve DOI
Not reported	—	Unspecified	—	Mammals (as animal)	Case report	Resolve DOI
Not reported	—	Unspecified	—	Ruminants (generic) (as animal)	Case report	Resolve DOI
Not reported	—	Unspecified	—	Gallus gallus (chicken) (as animal)	Case report	Resolve DOI
Systemic	—	Unspecified	—	Sheep (as animal)	Case report	Resolve DOI
Systemic	—	Unspecified	—	Mammals (as animal)	Case report	Resolve DOI
Systemic	—	Unspecified	—	Pig (as animal)	Case report	Resolve DOI
Systemic	—	Unspecified	—	Sheep (as animal)	Case report	Resolve DOI
Systemic	—	Unspecified	—	Cattle (as animal)	Case report	Resolve DOI
Teratogenic	Muscle, skeletal	Unspecified	—	Rabbit (as animal)	Reproduction toxicity	Resolve DOI
Developmental	—	—	—	Pig (as animal)	Reproduction toxicity	No resolvable identifier
Developmental	Muscle, skeletal	—	—	Goat (as animal)	Reproduction toxicity	No resolvable identifier
Developmental	—	—	—	Sheep (as animal)	Reproduction toxicity	No resolvable identifier
Developmental	Muscle, skeletal	—	—	Cattle (as animal)	Reproduction toxicity	No resolvable identifier
Developmental	—	—	—	Goat (as animal)	Reproduction toxicity	No resolvable identifier
Developmental	—	—	—	Pig (as animal)	Reproduction toxicity	No resolvable identifier
Developmental	—	—	—	Sheep (as animal)	Reproduction toxicity	No resolvable identifier
Developmental	—	—	—	Cattle (as animal)	Reproduction toxicity	No resolvable identifier
Musclo-skeletal	Muscle, skeletal	Leaves	Fresh	Human (as organism)	Acute toxicity	No resolvable identifier
Pulmonary and cardiac	Respiratory	Leaves	Fresh	Human (as organism)	Case report	No resolvable identifier
Systemic	Neurologic	Leaves	Solvent extraction	Human (as organism)	Case report	No resolvable identifier
Systemic	—	Aerial part of plants	—	Cattle (as animal)	Case report	No resolvable identifier
Systemic	—	Aerial part of plants	—	Cattle (as animal)	Case report	No resolvable identifier

Cited sources

The literature the compendium cites for this species. Metatron Health has no relationship with these authors or journals and earns nothing from citing them.

FORSYTH, CS., FRANK, AA. EVALUATION OF DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY OF CONIINE TO RATS AND RABBITS. Teratology, 1993, vol. 48, no. 1, p. 59-64. DOI
GALEY, FD., HOLSTEGE, DM., FISHER, EG. TOXICOSIS IN DAIRY-CATTLE EXPOSED TO POISON HEMLOCK (CONIUM-MACULATUM) IN HAY - ISOLATION OF CONIUM ALKALOIDS IN PLANTS, HAY, AND URINE . Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation, 1992, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 60-64.
Holstege, DM., Galey, FD., Johnson, B., Seiber, JN. Determination of alkaloid exposure in a model ruminant (goat) using a multiresidue screening method . Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 1996, vol. 44, no. 8, p. 2310-2315. DOI
Lopez, TA., Cid, MS., Bianchini, ML. Biochemistry of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) alkaloids and their acute and chronic toxicity in livestock. A review . Toxicon, 1999, vol. 37, no. 6, p. 841-865. DOI
Panter, KE., Gardner, DR., James, LF., Stegelmeier, BL., Molyneux, RJ., Tu, AT., Gaffield, W. Natural toxins from poisonous plants affecting reproductive function in livestock . Natural and selected synthetic toxins: biological implications, 2000, vol. 745, p. 154-172.
West, Patrick L., Horowitz, B. Zane., Montanaro, Marc T., Lindsay, James N. Poison Hemlock-induced Respiratory Failure in a Toddler. Pediatric emergency care, 2009, vol. 25, no. 11, p. 761-763.
Fiske, Jessie G. Some poisonous plants of New Jersey. Bull., 1932, vol. 261, p. 3-30.
Poppenga, Robert H., Luch, A. Poisonous plants. Molecular, clinical and environmental toxicology vol 2: clinical toxicology, 2010, vol. 100, p. 123-175.
Colombo, M.L., Marangon, K., Locatelli, C., Giacch�, M., Zulli, R., Restani, P. Hemlock poisoning due to plant misidentification. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences and research, 2009, vol. 1, no. 4, p. 43-47.
Meier, Philipp., Hotti, Hannu., Rischer, Heiko. Elicitation of furanocoumarins in poison hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) cell culture . Plant cell tissue and organ culture, 2015, vol. 123, no. 3, p. 443-453. DOI
Radulovic, Niko., Dordevic, Nevenka., Denic, Marija., Gomes Pinheiro, Mariana Martins., Fernandes, Patricia Dias., Boylan, Fabio. A novel toxic alkaloid from poison hemlock (Conium maculatum L., Apiaceae): Identification, synthesis and antinociceptive activity . Food and chemical toxicology, 2012, vol. 50, no. 2, p. 274-279. DOI
Aoyagi, Mitsutoshi., Anetai, Masaki. Studies on poison hemlock, Conium maculatum. (Part II). Determination of coniine and gamma-coniceine. Hokkaidoritsu eisei kenkyushoho, 2002, vol. 52, p. 93-95.
Hotti, Hannu., Seppanen-Laakso, Tuulikki., Arvas, Mikko., Teeri, Teemu H., Rischer, Heiko. Polyketide synthases from poison hemlock (Coniummaculatum L.). Febs journal, 2015, vol. 282, no. 21, p. 4141-4156. DOI
Schep, Leo J., Slaughter, Robin J., Beasley, D. Michael G. Nicotinic plant poisoning. Clinical toxicology, 2009, vol. 47, no. 8, p. 771-781. DOI
Castells, E., Berenbaum, MR. Laboratory rearing of Agonopterix alstroemeriana, the defoliating poison hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) moth, and effects of piperidine alkaloids on preference and performance . Environmental entomology, 2006, vol. 35, no. 3, p. 607-615.

Boundary

A constituent measurement is a fact about material at a stated preparation, not a statement about what that material does in a person. An adverse-effect or genotoxicity record is an observation reported in a source, most often in an animal or laboratory model. Neither is a Metatron Health conclusion about causality, human risk or benefit, and the absence of a record is not proof that a preparation is safe. Nothing here is diagnosis, prescribing or individual medical care.

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Independent literature