Botanical species · safety record

Cycas revoluta

The EFSA Compendium of Botanicals holds 14 constituent measurements and 12 adverse-effect records for Cycas revoluta. This page reports what those source records contain and how to reach them. It carries no effect estimate, no dose and no recommendation.

Accepted name in source: Cycas revoluta Thunb.

14Constituent measurements

12Safety records

10Cited sources

0Licensed products (Canada)

Regulatory presence

No Health Canada licensed natural health product in the snapshot names this species as a medicinal ingredient under this exact binomial. Absence here means absence from this one register under this one name, not absence from trade, and not a safety verdict.

What the records describe

Constituents measured

Plant parts

Preparations

Effect types

Target tissues

Recorded constituents

What analytical work has found in this species, at which plant part and preparation. A measured constituent is a fact about material, not about effect.

Substance	Plant part	Preparation	Concentration	Analytical method	Source
Beta-n-methylamino-l-alanine	Seed	Solvent extraction	6.96 Microgram/gram	LC-MS/MS	Resolve DOI
Beta-n-methylamino-l-alanine	Leaves	Solvent extraction	0.168 Microgram/gram	LC-MS/MS	Resolve DOI
Beta-n-methylamino-l-alanine	Roots and other underground parts	Solvent extraction	0.27 Microgram/gram	LC-MS/MS	Resolve DOI
Beta-n-methylamino-l-alanine	Stem / stalk	Solvent extraction	0.262 Microgram/gram	LC-MS/MS	Resolve DOI
Estragole	Cone	Essential oil	≥ 67 Percent	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
Estragole	Cone	Essential oil	≤ 92.7 Percent	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
Methyl salicylate	Cone	Essential oil	≤ 8.1 Percent	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
Methyl salicylate	Cone	Essential oil	≥ 1.4 Percent	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
Methyleugenol	Cone	Essential oil	≤ 7 Percent	GC-MS (Q)	Resolve DOI
Beta-n-methylamino-l-alanine	Seed	Solvent extraction	0.32 Milligram/gram	GC-MS	No resolvable identifier
Cycasin	Seed	Solvent extraction	≥ 0.17 Percent	Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography)	No resolvable identifier
Cycasin	Seed	Solvent extraction	≤ 0.28 Percent	Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography)	No resolvable identifier
Macrozamin	Seed	Solvent extraction	0.11 Percent	HPLC with standard detection methods	No resolvable identifier
Macrozamin	Leaves	Solvent extraction	0.12 Percent	HPLC with standard detection methods	No resolvable identifier

Recorded adverse effects

Adverse effects reported in the source literature, most often in animal or laboratory models at a stated preparation and dose.

Effect	Target tissue	Plant part	Preparation	Test organism	Test type	Source
Digestive	Digestive	—	—	Dog (as animal)	Case report	Resolve DOI
Hemopoietic	Blood coagulation	—	—	Dog (as animal)	Case report	Resolve DOI
Hepatotoxicity	Liver	—	—	Dog (as animal)	Case report	Resolve DOI
Neurotoxicity	Heart	—	—	Dog (as animal)	Case report	Resolve DOI
Digestive	Liver	Aerial part of plants	Fresh	Dog (as animal)	Case report	No resolvable identifier
Digestive	Digestive	Aerial part of plants	Fresh	Dog (as animal)	Case report	No resolvable identifier
Hepatotoxicity	Liver	—	—	Cattle (as animal)	Short-term toxicity	No resolvable identifier
Hepatotoxicity	Liver	—	—	Cattle (as animal)	Short-term toxicity	No resolvable identifier
Neurotoxicity	Spinal cord	Leaves	Fresh	Cattle (as animal)	Short-term toxicity	No resolvable identifier
Neurotoxicity	Spinal cord	Leaves	Fresh	Cattle (as animal)	Short-term toxicity	No resolvable identifier
Neurotoxicity	Neurologic	—	—	Cattle (as animal)	Short-term toxicity	No resolvable identifier
Neurotoxicity	Neurologic	—	—	Cattle (as animal)	Short-term toxicity	No resolvable identifier

Cited sources

The literature the compendium cites for this species. Metatron Health has no relationship with these authors or journals and earns nothing from citing them.

BOTHA, CJ., NAUDE, TW., SWAN, GE., ASHTON, MM., VANDERWATEREN, JF. SUSPECTED CYCAD (CYCAS-REVOLUTA) INTOXICATION IN DOGS. SUID-AFRIKAANSE VETERINERE VERENIGING, 1991, vol. 62, no. 4, p. 189-190.
Azuma, Hiroshi., Kono, Masumi. Estragole (4-allylanisole) is the primary compound in volatiles emitted from the male and female cones of Cycas revoluta. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH, 2006, vol. 119, no. 6, p. 671-676. DOI
Caloni, F., Cortinovis, C., Rivolta, M., Alonge, S., Davanzo, F. Plant poisoning in domestic animals: epidemiological data from an Italian survey (2000-2011). VETERINARY RECORD, 2013, vol. 172, no. 22, p. 580-+. DOI
Yasuda, Nobuhiro., Shimizu, Tsutomu. Cycad poisoning in cattle in Japan. Studies on spontaneous and experimental cases. Journal of Toxicological Sciences, 1998, vol. 23, no. SUPPL. 2, p. 126-128.
Cortinovis, Cristina., Caloni, Francesca. Epidemiology of intoxication of domestic animals by plants in Europe. Veterinary journal, 2013, vol. 197, no. 2, p. 163-168. DOI
Krueger, Thomas., Moench, Bettina., Oppenhaeuser, Steven., Luckas, Bernd. LC-MS/MS determination of the isomeric neurotoxins BMAA (beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine) and DAB (2,4-diaminobutyric acid) in cyanobacteria and seeds of Cycas revoluta and Lathyrus latifolius . Toxicon, 2010, vol. 55, no. 2-3, p. 547-557. DOI
Duncan, Mark W., Kopin, Irwin J., Crowley, Jeffrey S., Jones, Sandra M., Markey, Sanford P. Quantification of the putative neurotoxin 2-amino-3-(methylamino)propanoic acid (BMAA) in cycadales: analysis of the seeds of some members of the family Cycadaceae. Journal of analytical toxicology, 1989, p. 169-175.
Nair, Jerald J., van Staden, Johannes. Isolation and quantification of the toxic methylazoxymethanol glycoside macrozamin in selected South African cycad species. South African Journal of Botany, 2012, p. 108-112.
Fan, Hua., Qiu, Jiangbing., Fan, Lin., Li, Aifeng. Effects of growth conditions on the production of neurotoxin 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DAB) in Microcystis aeruginosa and its universal presence in diverse cyanobacteria isolated from freshwater in China . Environmental science and pollution research, 2015, vol. 22, no. 8, p. 5943-5951. DOI
NISHIDA, K., KOBAYASHI, A., NAGAHAMA, T. STUDIES ON CYCASIN, A NEW TOXIC GLYCOSIDE, OF CYCAS-REVOLUTA THUNB .5. QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF CYCASIN IN CYCAD SEEDS. BULLETIN OF THE AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN, 1956, vol. 20, no. 2, p. 74-76.

Boundary

A constituent measurement is a fact about material at a stated preparation, not a statement about what that material does in a person. An adverse-effect or genotoxicity record is an observation reported in a source, most often in an animal or laboratory model. Neither is a Metatron Health conclusion about causality, human risk or benefit, and the absence of a record is not proof that a preparation is safe. Nothing here is diagnosis, prescribing or individual medical care.

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