Botanical species · safety record

Foeniculum vulgare

The EFSA Compendium of Botanicals holds 15 constituent measurements, 2 adverse-effect records and 1 genotoxicity assay for Foeniculum vulgare. This page reports what those source records contain and how to reach them. It carries no effect estimate, no dose and no recommendation.

Accepted name in source: Foeniculum vulgare Mill.

15Constituent measurements

3Safety records

6Cited sources

359Licensed products (Canada)

Regulatory presence

Health Canada's Licensed Natural Health Products Database holds 359 licensed products naming Foeniculum vulgare as a medicinal ingredient, matched on the exact Latin binomial. A licence records that a product met the regulator's requirements for sale in Canada. It is not evidence that the product works.

Extract types on licence

Dry
Extract Type TBA
Fresh
fluid

Source material stated

Dried ripe fruit
Dried seed
Dried seed(s)
Foeniculum vulgare - Fruit
Foeniculum vulgare subsp. vulgare var. vulgare - Seed
Fruit
Fruit (processed with salt)
Fruit (stir-baked with salt)

What the records describe

Constituents measured

Plant parts

Preparations

Effect types

Recorded constituents

What analytical work has found in this species, at which plant part and preparation. A measured constituent is a fact about material, not about effect.

Substance	Plant part	Preparation	Concentration	Analytical method	Source
Estragole	Seed	Solvent extraction	2.52 Percent	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
Estragole	Seed	Essential oil	3.99 Percent	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
Estragole	Live plants	Essential oil	3.89 Percent	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
Estragole	Flower	Essential oil	1.1 Percent	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
Fenchone	Seed	Essential oil	1.97 Percent	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
Bergapten	Fruit unspecified	Solvent extraction	—	Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)	No resolvable identifier
Bergapten	Aerial part of plants	Solvent extraction	—	Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)	No resolvable identifier
Imperatorin	Aerial part of plants	Solvent extraction	—	Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)	No resolvable identifier
Imperatorin	Fruit unspecified	Solvent extraction	—	Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)	No resolvable identifier
Isopimpinellin	Aerial part of plants	Solvent extraction	—	Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)	No resolvable identifier
Isopimpinellin	Fruit unspecified	Solvent extraction	—	Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)	No resolvable identifier
Psoralen	Aerial part of plants	Solvent extraction	—	Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)	No resolvable identifier
Psoralen	Fruit unspecified	Solvent extraction	—	Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)	No resolvable identifier
Xanthotoxol	Fruit unspecified	Solvent extraction	—	Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)	No resolvable identifier
Xanthotoxol	Aerial part of plants	Solvent extraction	—	Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)	No resolvable identifier

Recorded adverse effects

Adverse effects reported in the source literature, most often in animal or laboratory models at a stated preparation and dose.

Effect	Target tissue	Plant part	Preparation	Test organism	Test type	Source
Developmental	—	Seed	Solvent extraction	House mouse (as animal)	Reproduction toxicity	Resolve DOI
Developmental	—	Seed	Solvent extraction	House mouse (as animal)	Reproduction toxicity	Resolve DOI

Genotoxicity testing

Outcomes of genotoxicity assays as recorded in the source. A negative assay is a result under those test conditions, not a clearance.

Outcome	Endpoint	Test	Tested organism	Metabolic activation	Source
Positive	DNA damage and/or repair	bacterial gene mutation assay	Salmonella typhimurium (as organism)	—	No resolvable identifier

Cited sources

The literature the compendium cites for this species. Metatron Health has no relationship with these authors or journals and earns nothing from citing them.

Nassar, Mahmoud I., Aboutabl, El-sayed A., Makled, Yousrya A., El-Khrisy, Ezzel-Din A., Osman, Abeer F. Secondary metabolites and pharmacology of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Subsp. piperitum. Revista latinoamericana de quimica, 2010, vol. 38, no. 2, p. 103-112.
Mahmoud, I., Alkofahi, A., Abdelaziz, A. Mutagenic and toxic activities of several spices and some Jordanian medicinal plants. International journal of pharmacognosy, 1992, vol. 30, no. 2, p. 81-85.
Levorato, Sara., Dominici, Luca., Fatigoni, Cristina., Zadra, Claudia., Pagiotti, Rita., Moretti, Massimo., Villarini, Milena. In vitro toxicity evaluation of estragole-containing preparations derived from Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (fennel) on HepG2 cells. Food and chemical toxicology, 2018, vol. 111, p. 616-622. DOI
Topuzi, Emine., Madanlar, Nilgun., Erler, Fedai. Chemical composition, toxic and development- and reproduction-inhibiting effects of some essential oils against Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae) as fumigants. Journal of plant diseases and protection, 2018, vol. 125, no. 4, p. 377-387. DOI
Traboulsi, AF., El-Haj, S., Tueni, M., Taoubi, K., Nader, NA., Mrad, A. Repellency and toxicity of aromatic plant extracts against the mosquito Culex pipiens molestus (Diptera : Culicidae) . Pest management science, 2005, vol. 61, no. 6, p. 597-604. DOI
Shayan, Maryam., Mehrannia, Kobra., Rastegar, Tayebeh., Khanehzad, Maryam., Ghantabpour, Taha., Hassanzadeh, Gholamreza. Teratogenic effect of the aqueous extract of the Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) on fetal development in mice. Journal of contemporary medical sciences, 2019, vol. 5, no. 5, p. 258-263. DOI

Boundary

A constituent measurement is a fact about material at a stated preparation, not a statement about what that material does in a person. An adverse-effect or genotoxicity record is an observation reported in a source, most often in an animal or laboratory model. Neither is a Metatron Health conclusion about causality, human risk or benefit, and the absence of a record is not proof that a preparation is safe. Nothing here is diagnosis, prescribing or individual medical care.

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Independent literature