Botanical species · safety record

Ilex paraguariensis

The EFSA Compendium of Botanicals holds 13 constituent measurements and 8 genotoxicity assays for Ilex paraguariensis. This page reports what those source records contain and how to reach them. It carries no effect estimate, no dose and no recommendation.

Accepted name in source: Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.

13Constituent measurements

8Safety records

7Cited sources

290Licensed products (Canada)

Regulatory presence

Health Canada's Licensed Natural Health Products Database holds 290 licensed products naming Ilex paraguariensis as a medicinal ingredient, matched on the exact Latin binomial. A licence records that a product met the regulator's requirements for sale in Canada. It is not evidence that the product works.

Extract types on licence

Dry
Extract Type TBA
Fresh

Source material stated

Dried leaves
Ilex paraguariensis - Leaf
Leaf
Leaf blade
Leaf extract
Leaf/Leaves
Leaves
Leaves (standardized extract)

What the records describe

Constituents measured

Plant parts

Preparations

Recorded constituents

What analytical work has found in this species, at which plant part and preparation. A measured constituent is a fact about material, not about effect.

Substance	Plant part	Preparation	Concentration	Analytical method	Source
Saponins	Unspecified	—	—	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Leaves	—	—	Unspecified	No resolvable identifier
Caffeine	Leaves	Solvent extraction	≥ 1.16 Percent	Gaschromatography (GC)	No resolvable identifier
Caffeine	Leaves	Solvent extraction	≤ 1.872 Percent	Gaschromatography (GC)	No resolvable identifier
Diterpenes	Leaves	—	—	Unspecified	No resolvable identifier
Epicatechin-3-gallate	Leaves	Solvent extraction	≥ 0.0624 Percent	—	No resolvable identifier
Epicatechin-3-gallate	Leaves	Solvent extraction	≤ 0.0789 Percent	—	No resolvable identifier
Epigallocatechin	Leaves	Solvent extraction	≥ 0.0139 Percent	—	No resolvable identifier
Epigallocatechin	Leaves	Solvent extraction	≤ 0.0152 Percent	—	No resolvable identifier
Epigallocatechin gallate	Leaves	Solvent extraction	≥ 0.19 Percent	—	No resolvable identifier
Epigallocatechin gallate	Leaves	Solvent extraction	≤ 0.204 Percent	—	No resolvable identifier
Theobromine	Leaves	Solvent extraction	≥ 0.705 Percent	Gaschromatography (GC)	No resolvable identifier
Theobromine	Leaves	Solvent extraction	≤ 1.164 Percent	Gaschromatography (GC)	No resolvable identifier

Genotoxicity testing

Outcomes of genotoxicity assays as recorded in the source. A negative assay is a result under those test conditions, not a clearance.

Outcome	Endpoint	Test	Tested organism	Metabolic activation	Source
Positive	DNA damage and/or repair	in vitro mammalian cell micronucleus test	Human (as organism)	—	Resolve DOI
Positive	chromosome aberration	Not in the Compendium v10	Other	—	Resolve DOI
Positive	DNA damage and/or repair	Not in the Compendium v10	Human (as organism)	—	Resolve DOI
Positive	gene mutation	bacterial gene mutation assay	Salmonella typhimurium (as organism)	—	No resolvable identifier
Positive	gene mutation	bacterial gene mutation assay	Salmonella typhimurium (as organism)	—	No resolvable identifier
Positive	genome mutation	bacterial gene mutation assay	Escherichia coli (as organism)	—	No resolvable identifier
Positive	gene mutation	bacterial gene mutation assay	Salmonella typhimurium (as organism)	—	No resolvable identifier
Positive	gene mutation	bacterial gene mutation assay	Salmonella typhimurium (as organism)	—	No resolvable identifier

Cited sources

The literature the compendium cites for this species. Metatron Health has no relationship with these authors or journals and earns nothing from citing them.

Wnuk, Maciej., Lewinska, Anna., Oklejewicz, Bernadetta., Bugno, Monika., Slota, Ewa., Bartosz, Grzegorz. Evaluation of the cyto- and genotoxic activity of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) in human lymphocytes in vitro . Mutation research-genetic toxicology and environmental mutagenesis, 2009, vol. 679, no. 1-2, p. 18-23. DOI
Bidau, Claudio J., Amat, Anibal G., Yajia, Malta., Marti, Dardo A., Riglos, Ana G., Silvestroni, Aurelio. Evaluation of the genotoxicity of aqueous extracts of Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil. (Aquifoliaceae) using the Allium test . Cytologia (tokyo), 2004, vol. 69, no. 2, p. 109-117. DOI
LEITAO, AC., BRAGA, RS. MUTAGENIC AND GENOTOXIC EFFECTS OF MATE (ILEX-PARAGUARIENSIS) IN PROKARYOTIC ORGANISMS . Brazilian journal of medical and biological research, 1994, vol. 27, no. 7, p. 1517-1525.
Otsuka, Rafaela Denise., Lago, Joao Henrique Ghilardi., Rossi, Lucia., Galduroz, Jose Carlos Fernandes., Rodrigues, Eliana. Psychoactive plants described in a Brazilian literary work and their chemical compounds. Central nervous system agents in medicinal chemistry, 2010, vol. 10, no. 3, p. 218-237.
Marx, F., Janssens, M.J.J., Urfer, P., Scherer, R. Caffeine and theobromine composition of mate (Ilex paraguariensis) leaves in five plantations of misiones, Argentina. Plant foods for human nutrition, 2003, vol. 58, no. 3, p. 1-8.
Nishiguchi, Yoshikazu., Momose, Yasunori., Chen, Fu-Shih. The analysis on the contents of polyphenolic compounds, catechins, and caffeine in mate (Ilex paraguariensis). Igaku to seibutsugaku, 2011, vol. 155, no. 1, p. 35-41.
Elekofehinti, O.O. Saponins: Anti-diabetic principles from medicinal plants - A review. Pathophysiology, 2015, vol. 22, no. 2, p. 95-103. DOI

Boundary

A constituent measurement is a fact about material at a stated preparation, not a statement about what that material does in a person. An adverse-effect or genotoxicity record is an observation reported in a source, most often in an animal or laboratory model. Neither is a Metatron Health conclusion about causality, human risk or benefit, and the absence of a record is not proof that a preparation is safe. Nothing here is diagnosis, prescribing or individual medical care.

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