Botanical species · safety record

Mitragyna speciosa

The EFSA Compendium of Botanicals holds 39 constituent measurements, 19 adverse-effect records and 1 genotoxicity assay for Mitragyna speciosa. This page reports what those source records contain and how to reach them. It carries no effect estimate, no dose and no recommendation.

Accepted name in source: Mitragyna speciosa (Korth. ) Havil.

39Constituent measurements

20Safety records

11Cited sources

2Licensed products (Canada)

Regulatory presence

Health Canada's Licensed Natural Health Products Database holds 2 licensed products naming Mitragyna speciosa as a medicinal ingredient, matched on the exact Latin binomial. A licence records that a product met the regulator's requirements for sale in Canada. It is not evidence that the product works.

Source material stated

Leaf

What the records describe

Constituents measured

Plant parts

Preparations

Effect types

Target tissues

Recorded constituents

What analytical work has found in this species, at which plant part and preparation. A measured constituent is a fact about material, not about effect.

Substance	Plant part	Preparation	Concentration	Analytical method	Source
7-hydroxymitragynine	Leaves	Solvent extraction	≤ 0.361 Milligram/gram	Chromatographic tests	Resolve DOI
7-hydroxymitragynine	Leaves	Solvent extraction	≥ 0.114 Milligram/gram	Chromatographic tests	Resolve DOI
7-hydroxymitragynine	Leaves	Solvent extraction	—	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
7-hydroxymitragynine	Leaves	—	2 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Leaves	Solvent extraction	—	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Leaves	—	≤ 9 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Leaves	—	< 1 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Leaves	Solvent extraction	—	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Leaves	—	< 1 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Leaves	—	< 1 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Leaves	—	< 1 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Leaves	Solvent extraction	—	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Leaves	—	10 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Leaves	—	< 1 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Leaves	Solvent extraction	—	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Leaves	—	≥ 7 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Mitragynine	Leaves	—	60 Percent	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Mitragynine	Leaves	Solvent extraction	1.6 Percent	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
Mitragynine	Leaves	Solvent extraction	≤ 21.2 Milligram/gram	Chromatographic tests	Resolve DOI
Mitragynine	Leaves	Solvent extraction	≥ 0.8 Milligram/gram	Chromatographic tests	Resolve DOI
Mitragynine	Leaves	Solvent extraction	≤ 3.04 Milligram/gram	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
Mitragynine	Leaves	Solvent extraction	≥ 0.64 Milligram/gram	GC-MS	Resolve DOI
7-hydroxymitragynine	Leaves	Solvent extraction	—	Chromatographic tests	No resolvable identifier
Acetaldehyde	Leaves	Solvent extraction	9.36 Milligram/gram	High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC)	No resolvable identifier
Acetaldehyde	Roots and other underground parts	Solvent extraction	4.11 Milligram/gram	High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC)	No resolvable identifier
Acetaldehyde	Stem / stalk	Solvent extraction	4.11 Milligram/gram	High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC)	No resolvable identifier
Ajmalicine	Leaves	Solvent extraction	—	Chromatographic tests	No resolvable identifier
Alkaloids	Leaves	Solvent extraction	—	High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC)	No resolvable identifier
Alkaloids	Leaves	Solvent extraction	—	Chromatographic tests	No resolvable identifier
Epigallocatechin	Leaves	Solvent extraction	—	Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectroscopy	No resolvable identifier
Gallic acid	Leaves	Solvent extraction	—	Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectroscopy	No resolvable identifier
Methanoic acid	Leaves	Solvent extraction	—	Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectroscopy	No resolvable identifier
Mitragynine	Leaves	Solvent extraction	0.4 Microgram/millilitre	High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC)	No resolvable identifier
Mitragynine	Leaves	Solvent extraction	≤ 4.01 Milligram/gram	High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC)	No resolvable identifier
Mitragynine	Leaves	Solvent extraction	≥ 3.96 Milligram/gram	High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC)	No resolvable identifier
Mitragynine	Stem / stalk	Solvent extraction	≤ 1.22 Milligram/gram	High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC)	No resolvable identifier
Mitragynine	Stem / stalk	Solvent extraction	≥ 0.78 Milligram/gram	High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC)	No resolvable identifier
Mitragynine	Leaves	Solvent extraction	—	Chromatographic tests	No resolvable identifier
Triterpene saponins	Leaves	Solvent extraction	—	Chromatographic tests	No resolvable identifier

Recorded adverse effects

Adverse effects reported in the source literature, most often in animal or laboratory models at a stated preparation and dose.

Effect	Target tissue	Plant part	Preparation	Test organism	Test type	Source
Developmental	Digestive	Leaves	Solvent extraction	Rat (as animal)	Short-term toxicity	Resolve DOI
Digestive	Digestive	Leaves	—	Human (as organism)	Acute toxicity	Resolve DOI
Hemopoietic	—	Leaves	Solvent extraction	Rat (as animal)	Acute toxicity	Resolve DOI
Hepatotoxicity	Liver	Leaves	Solvent extraction	Rat (as animal)	Short-term toxicity	Resolve DOI
Hepatotoxicity	Liver	Leaves	Solvent extraction	Rat (as animal)	Short-term toxicity	Resolve DOI
Musclo-skeletal	Muscle, skeletal	Leaves	—	Human (as organism)	Acute toxicity	Resolve DOI
Nephrotoxicity	Urogenital: kidneys	Leaves	Solvent extraction	Rat (as animal)	Short-term toxicity	Resolve DOI
Neurotoxicity	Brain	Leaves	Solvent extraction	Rat (as animal)	Short-term toxicity	Resolve DOI
Neurotoxicity	Neurologic	Leaves	—	Human (as organism)	Acute toxicity	Resolve DOI
Other toxicities	—	Leaves	—	Human (as organism)	Acute toxicity	Resolve DOI
Pulmonary and cardiac	—	Leaves	—	Human (as organism)	Acute toxicity	Resolve DOI
Pulmonary and cardiac	Lung	Unspecified	—	Human (as organism)	Case report	Resolve DOI
Pulmonary and cardiac	Lung	Unspecified	—	Human (as organism)	Case report	Resolve DOI
Pulmonary and cardiac	Lung	Unspecified	—	Human (as organism)	Case report	Resolve DOI
Pulmonary and cardiac	Lung	Unspecified	—	Human (as organism)	Case report	Resolve DOI
Systemic	Skin/subcutis	Leaves	Solvent extraction	Rat (as animal)	Short-term toxicity	Resolve DOI
Systemic	Neurologic: central nervous system	Leaves	Solvent extraction	Rat (as animal)	Short-term toxicity	Resolve DOI
Systemic	Skin/subcutis	Leaves	Solvent extraction	Rat (as animal)	Short-term toxicity	Resolve DOI
Not stated	Liver	Leaves	Solvent extraction	Rat (as animal)	Acute toxicity	Resolve DOI

Genotoxicity testing

Outcomes of genotoxicity assays as recorded in the source. A negative assay is a result under those test conditions, not a clearance.

Outcome	Endpoint	Test	Tested organism	Metabolic activation	Source
Positive	DNA damage and/or repair	DNA damage and repair assay, unscheduled DNA synthesis in mammalian cells in vitro	Other	—	Resolve DOI

Cited sources

The literature the compendium cites for this species. Metatron Health has no relationship with these authors or journals and earns nothing from citing them.

Trakulsrichai, Satariya., Tongpo, Achara., Sriapha, Charuwan., Wongvisawakorn, Sunun., Rittilert, Panee., Kaojarern, Sming., Wananukul, Winai. Kratom Abuse in Ramathibodi Poison Center, Thailand: A Five-Year Experience . Journal of psychoactive drugs, 2013, vol. 45, no. 5, p. 404-408. DOI
Karinen, Ritva., Fosen, Jan Toralf., Rogde, Sidsel., Vindenes, Vigdis. An accidental poisoning with mitragynine. Forensic science international, 2014, vol. 245, p. E29-E32. DOI
Harizal, S. N., Mansor, S. M., Hasnan, J., Tharakan, J. K. J., Abdullah, J. Acute toxicity study of the standardized methanolic extract of Mitragyna speciosa Korth in Rodent . Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2010, vol. 131, no. 2, p. 404-409. DOI
Charoonratana, Tossaton., Wungsintaweekul, Juraithip., Pathompak, Pathamaporn., Georgiev, Milen I., Choi, Young Hae., Verpoorte, Robert. Limitation of Mitragynine Biosynthesis in Mitragyna speciosa (Roxb.) Korth. through Tryptamine Availability . Zeitschrift fur naturforschung section c-a journal of biosciences, 2013, vol. 68, no. 9-10, p. 394-405.
Kapp, Friedrich G., Maurer, Hans H., Auwarter, Volker., Winkelmann, Martin., Hermanns-Clausen, Maren. Intrahepatic cholestasis following abuse of powdered kratom (Mitragyna speciosa). . Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the american college of medical toxicology, 2011, vol. 7, no. 3, p. 227-31. DOI
Kikura-Hanajiri, Ruri., Kawamura, Maiko., Maruyama, Takuro., Kitajima, Mariko., Takayama, Hiromitsu., Goda, Yukihiro. Simultaneous analysis of mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, and other alkaloids in the psychotropic plant kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) by LC-ESI-MS . Forensic toxicology, 2009, vol. 27, no. 2, p. 67-74. DOI
Oliveira, Ana Sofia., Fraga, Sonia., Carvalho, Felix., Araujo, Ana Margarida., Pereira, Cristiana Costa., Teixeira, Joao Paulo., Bastos, Maria de Lourdes., de Pinho, Paula Guedes. Chemical characterization and in vitro cyto- and genotoxicity of 'legal high' products containing Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) . Forensic toxicology, 2016, vol. 34, no. 2, p. 213-226. DOI
Warner, Marcus L., Kaufman, Nellie C., Grundmann, Oliver. The pharmacology and toxicology of kratom: from traditional herb to drug of abuse . International journal of legal medicine, 2016, vol. 130, no. 1, p. 127-138. DOI
Kong Wai Mun., Chik Zamri., Mohamed Zahurin., Alshawsh Mohammed A. Physicochemical Characterization of Mitragyna speciosa Alkaloid Extract and Mitragynine Using In Vitro High Throughput Assays. Combinatorial chemistry & high throughput screening, 2017, p. Combinatorial chemistry & high throughput screening (2017).
Sabetghadam, Azadeh., Ramanathan, Surash., Sasidharan, Sreenivasan., Mansor, Sharif Mahsufi. Subchronic exposure to mitragynine, the principal alkaloid of Mitragyna speciosa, in rats . Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2013, vol. 146, no. 3, p. 815-823. DOI
Leon, Francisco., Habib, Eman., Adkins, Jessica E., Furr, Edward B., McCurdy, Christopher R., Cutler, Stephen J. Phytochemical Characterization of the Leaves of Mitragyna speciosa Grown in USA . Natural product communications, 2009, vol. 4, no. 7, p. 907-910.

Boundary

A constituent measurement is a fact about material at a stated preparation, not a statement about what that material does in a person. An adverse-effect or genotoxicity record is an observation reported in a source, most often in an animal or laboratory model. Neither is a Metatron Health conclusion about causality, human risk or benefit, and the absence of a record is not proof that a preparation is safe. Nothing here is diagnosis, prescribing or individual medical care.

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