Botanical species · safety record

Phalaris aquatica

The EFSA Compendium of Botanicals holds 39 constituent measurements and 16 adverse-effect records for Phalaris aquatica. This page reports what those source records contain and how to reach them. It carries no effect estimate, no dose and no recommendation.

Accepted name in source: Phalaris aquatica L.

39Constituent measurements

16Safety records

11Cited sources

0Licensed products (Canada)

Regulatory presence

No Health Canada licensed natural health product in the snapshot names this species as a medicinal ingredient under this exact binomial. Absence here means absence from this one register under this one name, not absence from trade, and not a safety verdict.

What the records describe

Constituents measured

Plant parts

Preparations

Effect types

Target tissues

Recorded constituents

What analytical work has found in this species, at which plant part and preparation. A measured constituent is a fact about material, not about effect.

Substance	Plant part	Preparation	Concentration	Analytical method	Source
Bufotenine	Unspecified	—	—	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Bufotenine	Leaves	Solvent extraction	—	Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography)	Resolve DOI
Carboline alkaloids	Unspecified	—	—	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Gramine	Unspecified	—	—	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Gramine	Aerial part of plants	Solvent extraction	≤ 47.5 Milligram/kilogram	UHPLC-MS-MS	Resolve DOI
Gramine	Aerial part of plants	Solvent extraction	≥ 22.5 Milligram/kilogram	UHPLC-MS-MS	Resolve DOI
Hordenine	Aerial part of plants	Solvent extraction	≤ 833.8 Milligram/kilogram	UHPLC-MS-MS	Resolve DOI
Hordenine	Aerial part of plants	Solvent extraction	≥ 57.5 Milligram/kilogram	UHPLC-MS-MS	Resolve DOI
Hordenine	Unspecified	—	—	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Indole alkaloids	Aerial part of plants	—	≤ 13.26 Milligram/100 gram	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Indole alkaloids	Leaves	—	< 2.8 Gram/kilogram	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Indole alkaloids	Aerial part of plants	Solvent extraction	≥ 3 Milligram/100 gram	Chromatographic tests	Resolve DOI
Indole alkaloids	Aerial part of plants	Solvent extraction	≤ 178 Milligram/100 gram	Chromatographic tests	Resolve DOI
Indole alkaloids	Aerial part of plants	—	≥ 0.25 Milligram/100 gram	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
N,n-dimethyl-5-methoxytryptamine	Unspecified	—	—	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
N,n-dimethyltryptamine	Aerial part of plants	Solvent extraction	176 Milligram/kilogram	UHPLC-MS-MS	Resolve DOI
N,n-dimethyltryptamine	Aerial part of plants	Solvent extraction	≥ 66.3 Milligram/kilogram	UHPLC-MS-MS	Resolve DOI
N,n-dimethyltryptamine	Aerial part of plants	Solvent extraction	≤ 177 Milligram/kilogram	UHPLC-MS-MS	Resolve DOI
N,n-dimethyltryptamine	Aerial part of plants	Solvent extraction	≥ 1 Milligram/100 gram	Chromatographic tests	Resolve DOI
N,n-dimethyltryptamine	Aerial part of plants	Solvent extraction	≤ 87 Milligram/100 gram	Chromatographic tests	Resolve DOI
N,n-dimethyltryptamine	Leaves	Solvent extraction	≥ 0.03 Milligram/100 gram	High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC)	Resolve DOI
N,n-dimethyltryptamine	Leaves	Solvent extraction	≤ 20.52 Milligram/100 gram	High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC)	Resolve DOI
N-methyltyramine	Aerial part of plants	Solvent extraction	≥ 171.3 Milligram/kilogram	UHPLC-MS-MS	Resolve DOI
N-methyltyramine	Aerial part of plants	Solvent extraction	≤ 262.5 Milligram/kilogram	UHPLC-MS-MS	Resolve DOI
Tryptamine	Unspecified	—	—	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Tryptamine alkaloids	Unspecified	—	—	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Tyramine	Unspecified	—	—	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Tyramine	Leaves	Solvent extraction	≥ 0.58 Milligram/100 gram	High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC)	Resolve DOI
Tyramine	Leaves	Solvent extraction	≤ 42.69 Milligram/100 gram	High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC)	Resolve DOI
Tyramine	Unspecified	—	—	Unspecified	Resolve DOI
Alkaloids	Aerial part of plants	—	0.004 Percent	Chromatographic tests	No resolvable identifier
Gramine	Aerial part of plants	—	≤ 0.3 Percent	Chromatographic tests	No resolvable identifier
Gramine	Aerial part of plants	—	≥ 0.001 Percent	Chromatographic tests	No resolvable identifier
Hordenine	Aerial part of plants	—	0.009 Percent	Chromatographic tests	No resolvable identifier
Indole alkaloids	Aerial part of plants	Solvent extraction	≥ 0.001 Percent	Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography)	No resolvable identifier
Indole alkaloids	Aerial part of plants	Solvent extraction	≤ 0.06 Percent	Standard Chromatographic tests (paper- thin layer- and column chromatography)	No resolvable identifier
N,n-dimethyltryptamine	Aerial part of plants	—	≥ 0.012 Percent	Chromatographic tests	No resolvable identifier
N,n-dimethyltryptamine	Aerial part of plants	—	≤ 0.04 Percent	Chromatographic tests	No resolvable identifier
N-methyltyramine	Aerial part of plants	—	0.012 Percent	Chromatographic tests	No resolvable identifier

Recorded adverse effects

Adverse effects reported in the source literature, most often in animal or laboratory models at a stated preparation and dose.

Effect	Target tissue	Plant part	Preparation	Test organism	Test type	Source
Neurotoxicity	Neurologic	Aerial part of plants	—	Cattle (as animal)	Short-term toxicity	Resolve DOI
Neurotoxicity	Neurologic	—	—	Sheep (as animal)	Case report	Resolve DOI
Neurotoxicity	Neurologic	—	—	Cattle (as animal)	Case report	Resolve DOI
Neurotoxicity	Neurologic	—	—	Cattle (as animal)	Case report	Resolve DOI
Neurotoxicity	—	Aerial part of plants	—	Mammals (as animal)	Case report	Resolve DOI
Neurotoxicity	—	Aerial part of plants	—	Mammals (as animal)	Case report	Resolve DOI
Neurotoxicity	Neurologic	Aerial part of plants	—	Sheep (as animal)	Other	Resolve DOI
Neurotoxicity	Neurologic	Aerial part of plants	—	Cattle (as animal)	Chronic/long term toxicity	Resolve DOI
Neurotoxicity	Neurologic	Aerial part of plants	—	Ruminants (generic) (as animal)	Case report	No resolvable identifier
Neurotoxicity	Neurologic	Aerial part of plants	—	Ruminants (generic) (as animal)	Case report	No resolvable identifier
Neurotoxicity	Brain	Aerial part of plants	—	Ruminants (generic) (as animal)	Case report	No resolvable identifier
Neurotoxicity	Neurologic	Aerial part of plants	—	Sheep (as animal)	Case report	No resolvable identifier
Neurotoxicity	Neurologic	—	—	—	Chronic/long term toxicity	No resolvable identifier
Neurotoxicity	Neurologic	—	—	Sheep (as animal)	Other	No resolvable identifier
Pulmonary and cardiac	Heart	Aerial part of plants	—	Ruminants (generic) (as animal)	Case report	No resolvable identifier
Pulmonary and cardiac	Heart	—	—	—	Other	No resolvable identifier

Cited sources

The literature the compendium cites for this species. Metatron Health has no relationship with these authors or journals and earns nothing from citing them.

KENNEDY, DJ., CREGAN, PD., GLASTONBURY, JRW., GOLLAND, DT., DAY, DG. POISONING OF CATTLE GRAZING A LOW-ALKALOID CULTIVAR OF PHALARIS-AQUATICA, SIROLAN . Australian veterinary journal, 1986, vol. 63, no. 3, p. 88-89. DOI
Passos, I.D., Mironidou-Tzouveleki, M. Hallucinogenic Plants in the Mediterranean Countries. Neuropathology of drug addictions and substance misuse, 2016, vol. 2, p. 761-772. DOI
Anderton, Neil., Cockrum, Peter A., Colegate, Steven M., Edgar, John A., Flower, Kirsty. New alkaloids from Phalaris spp.: a cause for concern?. Acs symposium series, 2000, vol. 745(Natural and Selected Synthetic Toxins), p. 140-153.
Bourke, CA., Colegate, SM., Rendell, D., Bunker, EC., Kuhn, RP. Peracute ammonia toxicity: A consideration in the pathogenesis of Phalaris aquatica 'Polioencephalomalacia-like sudden death' poisoning of sheep and cattle . Australian veterinary journal, 2005, vol. 83, no. 3, p. 168-171. DOI
Bacci, B., Whiteley, P.L., Barrow, M., Phillips, P.H., Dalziel, J., El-Hage, C.M. Chronic phalaris toxicity in eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus). Australian veterinary journal, 2014, vol. 92, no. 12, p. 504-508. DOI
FRAHN, JL., OKEEFE, DF. OCCURRENCE OF TETRAHYDRO-BETA-CARBOLINE ALKALOIDS IN PHALARIS-TUBEROSA (GRAMINEAE) . Australian journal of chemistry, 1971, vol. 24, no. 10, p. 2189-&.
Zhou, Lili., Hopkins, Andrew A., Huhman, David V., Sumner, Lloyd W. Efficient and sensitive method for quantitative analysis of alkaloids in hardinggrass (Phalaris aquatica L.) . Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2006, vol. 54, no. 25, p. 9287-9291. DOI
Culvenor, RA., Reed, KFM., McDonald, SE. Comparative levels of dimethyltryptamine- and tyramine-related alkaloid toxins in Australian cultivars and some wild populations of Phalaris aquatica . Australian journal of agricultural research, 2005, vol. 56, no. 12, p. 1395-1403. DOI
ORAM, RN., WILLIAMS, JD. VARIATION IN CONCENTRATION AND COMPOSITION OF TOXIC ALKALOIDS AMONG STRAINS OF PHALARIS TUBEROSA L . Nature, 1967, vol. 213, no. 5079, p. 946-&. DOI
LE SOUEF, H D. Poisoning of sheep by Phalaris tuberosa.. Australian veterinary journal, 1948, vol. 24, no. 1, p. 12-12.
EDGAR, JA. TOXINS IN TEMPERATE GRASSES - IMPLICATIONS AND SOLUTIONS. New zealand journal of agricultural research, 1994, vol. 37, no. 3, p. 341-347.

Boundary

A constituent measurement is a fact about material at a stated preparation, not a statement about what that material does in a person. An adverse-effect or genotoxicity record is an observation reported in a source, most often in an animal or laboratory model. Neither is a Metatron Health conclusion about causality, human risk or benefit, and the absence of a record is not proof that a preparation is safe. Nothing here is diagnosis, prescribing or individual medical care.

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Independent literature