Botanical species · safety record

Piper betle

The EFSA Compendium of Botanicals holds 15 constituent measurements, 2 adverse-effect records and 2 genotoxicity assays for Piper betle. This page reports what those source records contain and how to reach them. It carries no effect estimate, no dose and no recommendation.

Accepted name in source: Piper betle L.

15Constituent measurements

4Safety records

7Cited sources

6Licensed products (Canada)

Regulatory presence

Health Canada's Licensed Natural Health Products Database holds 6 licensed products naming Piper betle as a medicinal ingredient, matched on the exact Latin binomial. A licence records that a product met the regulator's requirements for sale in Canada. It is not evidence that the product works.

Extract types on licence

Source material stated

Leaf
leaf standardized extract

What the records describe

Constituents measured

Plant parts

Preparations

Effect types

Target tissues

Recorded constituents

What analytical work has found in this species, at which plant part and preparation. A measured constituent is a fact about material, not about effect.

Substance	Plant part	Preparation	Concentration	Analytical method	Source
Eugenol	Leaves	Essential oil	6.4 Percent	Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)	Resolve DOI
Isoquinoline alkaloids	Leaves	Solvent extraction	—	Chromatographic tests	Resolve DOI
Myrcene	Leaves	Essential oil	1.1 Percent	Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)	Resolve DOI
Phenylpropanoids	Flower	Solvent extraction	—	Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)	Resolve DOI
Piperine	Stem / stalk	Solvent extraction	—	Chromatographic tests	Resolve DOI
Piperlonguminine	Stem / stalk	Solvent extraction	—	Chromatographic tests	Resolve DOI
Safrole	Leaves	Essential oil	52.7 Percent	Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)	Resolve DOI
Cardiac glycosides	Leaves	Solvent extraction	—	Phytochemical screening	No resolvable identifier
Eugenol	Leaves	Solvent extraction	—	HPLC-DAD	No resolvable identifier
Lignans	Stem / stalk	Solvent extraction	—	Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry	No resolvable identifier
P-coumaric acid	Leaves	Solvent extraction	—	HPLC-DAD	No resolvable identifier
Phenylpropanoids	Leaves	Solvent extraction	—	HPLC-DAD	No resolvable identifier
Piperidine alkaloids	Stem / stalk	Solvent extraction	—	Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry	No resolvable identifier
Saponins	Leaves	Solvent extraction	—	Phytochemical screening	No resolvable identifier
Tannins	Leaves	Solvent extraction	—	Phytochemical screening	No resolvable identifier

Recorded adverse effects

Adverse effects reported in the source literature, most often in animal or laboratory models at a stated preparation and dose.

Effect	Target tissue	Plant part	Preparation	Test organism	Test type	Source
Digestive	Digestive	Leaves	Solvent extraction	—	In vitro	No resolvable identifier
Digestive	Digestive	Leaves	Solvent extraction	—	In vitro	No resolvable identifier

Genotoxicity testing

Outcomes of genotoxicity assays as recorded in the source. A negative assay is a result under those test conditions, not a clearance.

Outcome	Endpoint	Test	Tested organism	Metabolic activation	Source
Positive	gene mutation	bacterial reverse mutation assay	Salmonella typhimurium (as organism)	Without	Resolve DOI
Positive	chromosome aberration	chromosome aberration assay	Hamster (as animal)	—	Resolve DOI

Cited sources

The literature the compendium cites for this species. Metatron Health has no relationship with these authors or journals and earns nothing from citing them.

Oliveira, Andreia P., Ferreira, Joana G., Riboira, Sofia., Andrade, Paula B., Valentao, Patricia. Bioactive Natural Products from Piper betle L. Leaves and their alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Potential . Records of natural products, 2016, vol. 10, no. 6, p. 771-781.
Mohottalage, Susantha., Tabacchi, Raffaele., Guerin, Patrick M. Components from Sri Lankan Piper betle L. leaf oil and their analogues showing toxicity against the housefly, Musca domestica . Flavour and fragrance journal, 2007, vol. 22, no. 2, p. 130-138. DOI
LeeChen, SF., Chen, CL., Ho, LY., Hsu, PC., Chang, JT., Sun, CM., Chi, CW., Liu, TY. Role of oxidative DNA damage in hydroxychavicol-induced genotoxicity. Mutagenesis, 1996, vol. 11, no. 5, p. 519-523. DOI
De Vera, J.S., De Castro, M.E.G., Dulay, R.M.R. Phytochemical constituents and teratogenic effect of lyophilized extracts of Bixa orellana L. (Achuete) and Piper betle L. (Ikmo) leaves in Danio rerio Embryos. Der pharma chemica, 2016, vol. 8, no. 18, p. 432-437.
Huang, Xiangzhong., Yin, Yan., Huang, Wenquan., Sun, Kuizong., Cheng, Chunmei., Bai, Lian., Dai, Yun. Alkaloids and lignans from stems of Piper betle .. Zhongguo zhong yao za zhi = zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = china journal of chinese materia medica, 2010, vol. 35, no. 17, p. 2285-8.
Parmar, V.S., Jain, S.C., Gupta, S., Talwar, S., Rajwanshi, V.K., Kumar, R., Azim, A., Malhotra, S., Kumar, N., Jain, R., Sharma, N.K., Tyagi, O.D., Lawrie, S.J., Errington, W., Howarth, O.W., Olsen, C.E., Singh, S.K., Wengel, J. Polyphenols and alkaloids from piper species. Phytochemistry, 1998, vol. 49, no. 4, p. 1069-1078. DOI
Srividya, Srinivasan., Pillai, Subramanian Iyyam., Subramaniana, Sorimuthu Pillai. Isolation and characterization of major phytochemicals from the leaves of Piper betle. Linn. International journal of pharmacy (hyderabad, india), 2015, vol. 5, no. 4, p. 1215-1233.

Boundary

A constituent measurement is a fact about material at a stated preparation, not a statement about what that material does in a person. An adverse-effect or genotoxicity record is an observation reported in a source, most often in an animal or laboratory model. Neither is a Metatron Health conclusion about causality, human risk or benefit, and the absence of a record is not proof that a preparation is safe. Nothing here is diagnosis, prescribing or individual medical care.

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