Botanical species · safety record

Ruta graveolens

The EFSA Compendium of Botanicals holds 34 constituent measurements, 5 adverse-effect records and 2 genotoxicity assays for Ruta graveolens. This page reports what those source records contain and how to reach them. It carries no effect estimate, no dose and no recommendation.

Accepted name in source: Ruta graveolens L.

34Constituent measurements
7Safety records
11Cited sources
112Licensed products (Canada)

Regulatory presence

Health Canada's Licensed Natural Health Products Database holds 112 licensed products naming Ruta graveolens as a medicinal ingredient, matched on the exact Latin binomial. A licence records that a product met the regulator's requirements for sale in Canada. It is not evidence that the product works.

Extract types on licence

  • Dry

Source material stated

  • Aerial parts
  • Fresh aerial part collected at flowering time
  • Fresh aerial parts collected at flowering time
  • Fresh aerial parts collected at the start of flowering
  • Grass(es)
  • Herb
  • Herb(s)
  • Leaf

What the records describe

Constituents measured

  • Bergapten6
  • Methoxsalen6
  • Psoralen6
  • Alkaloids2
  • Furanocoumarins2
  • Isopimpinellin2
  • Arborinine1
  • Coumarins1
  • Dictamnine1
  • Gamma fagarine1

Plant parts

  • Live plants15
  • Leaves11
  • Stem6
  • stalk6
  • Unspecified3
  • Aerial part of plants2
  • Roots and other underground parts2

Preparations

  • Solvent extraction36

Effect types

  • Reproductive3
  • Digestive1
  • Neurotoxicity1

Target tissues

  • Uterus2
  • Cardiovascular1
  • Liver1
  • Testes1
  • haematological1

Recorded constituents

What analytical work has found in this species, at which plant part and preparation. A measured constituent is a fact about material, not about effect.

SubstancePlant partPreparationConcentrationAnalytical methodSource
AlkaloidsLeavesSolvent extraction15.32 Milligram/gramColorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and PhotometryResolve DOI
BergaptenLeavesSolvent extraction1.6 Milligram/gramHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC)Resolve DOI
FuranocoumarinsRoots and other underground parts——Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)Resolve DOI
IsopimpinellinLeavesSolvent extraction0.1 Milligram/gramHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC)Resolve DOI
MethoxsalenLeavesSolvent extraction1 Milligram/gramHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC)Resolve DOI
PsoralenLeavesSolvent extraction1.3 Milligram/gramHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC)Resolve DOI
AlkaloidsLive plantsSolvent extraction—Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)No resolvable identifier
ArborinineLive plantsSolvent extraction—Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)No resolvable identifier
BergaptenStem / stalkSolvent extraction≤ 240 Milligram/100 gramHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC)No resolvable identifier
BergaptenStem / stalkSolvent extraction≥ 50 Milligram/100 gramHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC)No resolvable identifier
BergaptenLeavesSolvent extraction≥ 518 Milligram/100 gramHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC)No resolvable identifier
BergaptenLeavesSolvent extraction≤ 900 Milligram/100 gramHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC)No resolvable identifier
BergaptenLive plantsSolvent extraction—Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)No resolvable identifier
CoumarinsLive plantsSolvent extraction—Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)No resolvable identifier
DictamnineLive plantsSolvent extraction—Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)No resolvable identifier
FuranocoumarinsLive plantsSolvent extraction—Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)No resolvable identifier
Gamma fagarineRoots and other underground partsSolvent extraction—UnspecifiedNo resolvable identifier
GraveolineLive plantsSolvent extraction—Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)No resolvable identifier
IsopimpinellinLive plantsSolvent extraction—Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)No resolvable identifier
KokusaginineLive plantsSolvent extraction—Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)No resolvable identifier
MethoxsalenStem / stalkSolvent extraction≥ 0.7 Milligram/100 gramHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC)No resolvable identifier
MethoxsalenLeavesSolvent extraction≥ 0.9 Milligram/100 gramHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC)No resolvable identifier
MethoxsalenLeavesSolvent extraction≤ 10 Milligram/100 gramHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC)No resolvable identifier
MethoxsalenStem / stalkSolvent extraction≤ 5.1 Milligram/100 gramHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC)No resolvable identifier
MethoxsalenLive plantsSolvent extraction—Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)No resolvable identifier
PsoralenStem / stalkSolvent extraction≥ 15 Milligram/100 gramHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC)No resolvable identifier
PsoralenLeavesSolvent extraction≤ 280 Milligram/100 gramHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC)No resolvable identifier
PsoralenLeavesSolvent extraction≥ 70 Milligram/100 gramHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC)No resolvable identifier
PsoralenStem / stalkSolvent extraction≤ 78 Milligram/100 gramHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC)No resolvable identifier
PsoralenLive plantsSolvent extraction—Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)No resolvable identifier
SafroleLive plantsSolvent extraction—Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)No resolvable identifier
ScopoletinLive plantsSolvent extraction—Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)No resolvable identifier
SkimmianineLive plantsSolvent extraction—Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)No resolvable identifier
UmbelliferoneLive plantsSolvent extraction—UnspecifiedNo resolvable identifier

Recorded adverse effects

Adverse effects reported in the source literature, most often in animal or laboratory models at a stated preparation and dose.

EffectTarget tissuePlant partPreparationTest organismTest typeSource
DigestiveLiverUnspecified—Human (as organism)Case reportResolve DOI
NeurotoxicityCardiovascular / haematologicalUnspecified—Human (as organism)Case reportResolve DOI
ReproductiveTestesUnspecifiedSolvent extractionRat (as animal)Reproduction toxicityResolve DOI
ReproductiveUterusAerial part of plantsSolvent extractionRat (as animal)Reproduction toxicityNo resolvable identifier
ReproductiveUterusAerial part of plantsSolvent extractionRat (as animal)Reproduction toxicityNo resolvable identifier

Genotoxicity testing

Outcomes of genotoxicity assays as recorded in the source. A negative assay is a result under those test conditions, not a clearance.

OutcomeEndpointTestTested organismMetabolic activationSource
PositiveDNA damage and/or repairin vitro mammalian cell micronucleus testHuman (as organism)Not applicableResolve DOI
PositiveDNA damage and/or repairsingle cell gel/comet assay in mammalian cells for detection of DNA damageHuman (as organism)Not applicableResolve DOI

Cited sources

The literature the compendium cites for this species. Metatron Health has no relationship with these authors or journals and earns nothing from citing them.

  1. Al-Mahmoud, M.S., Elbetieha, A., Al-Muhur, R.A. Anticonceptive and antifertility activities of various Ruta graveolens extracts in female rats. Acta pharmaceutica turcica, 2003, vol. 45, no. 3, p. 203-212.
  2. Ciganda, C., Laborde, A. Herbal infusions used for induced abortion. Journal of toxicology-clinical toxicology, 2003, vol. 41, no. 3, p. 235-239. DOI
  3. Hammiche, V., Azzouz, M. The Rues: ethnobotany, phytopharmacology and toxicity. Phytotherapie (paris), 2013, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 22-30. DOI
  4. Logarto Parra, A., Silva Yhebra, R., Guerra Sardinas, I., Iglesias Buela, L. Comparative study of the assay of Artemia salina L. and the estimate of the medium lethal dose (LD50 value) in mice, to determine oral acute toxicity of plant extracts. . Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology, 2001, vol. 8, no. 5, p. 395-400.
  5. de Carvalho, Alessandra Vargas., Luebeck, Irina., da Rocha, Mariana Balhego., Gueez, Camila Martins., Machado, Michel Mansur., Souza de Oliveira, Luis Flavio. Evaluation of the tickcide, genotoxic, and mutagenic effects of the Ruta graveolens L. (Rutaceae) . Acta scientiarum biological sciences, 2015, vol. 37, no. 4, p. 491-497. DOI
  6. Milesi, S., Massot, B., Gontier, E., Bourgaud, F., Guckert, A. Ruta graveolens L.: a promising species for the production of furanocoumarins . Plant science, 2001, vol. 161, no. 1, p. 189-199. DOI
  7. Manjula, B.L., Sushma Mani, K. RP-HPLC analysis of furanocoumarins-psoralen, bergapten and xanthotoxin in Ruta graveolens L. International journal of pharmacognosy and phytochemical research, 2016, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 235-238.
  8. Wu, TS., Shi, LS., Wang, JJ., Iou, SC., Chang, HC., Chen, YP., Kuo, YH., Chang, YL., Teng, CM. Cytotoxic and antiplatelet aggregation principles of Ruta graveolens. Journal of the chinese chemical society, 2003, vol. 50, no. 1, p. 171-178.
  9. SCHIMMER, O., KIEFER, J., PAULINI, H. INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF FUROCOUMARINS IN SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM TA98 ON THE MUTAGENICITY OF DICTAMNINE AND RUTACRIDONE, PROMUTAGENS FROM RUTA-GRAVEOLENS L . Mutagenesis, 1991, vol. 6, no. 6, p. 501-506. DOI
  10. Andon, T. M., Denisova, G. A. Localization of coumarin compound in secretory receptacles of Ruta graveolens. Rastitel'nye resursy, 1974, vol. 10, no. 4, p. 528-40.
  11. Novak, Istvan., Szendrei, Kalman., Buzas, Geza., Minker, Emil., Koltai, Matyas. Isolation of the active substance from rutae radix. I. Acta pharmaceutica hungarica, 1967, vol. 37, no. 5, p. 225-9.

Boundary

A constituent measurement is a fact about material at a stated preparation, not a statement about what that material does in a person. An adverse-effect or genotoxicity record is an observation reported in a source, most often in an animal or laboratory model. Neither is a Metatron Health conclusion about causality, human risk or benefit, and the absence of a record is not proof that a preparation is safe. Nothing here is diagnosis, prescribing or individual medical care.

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