Botanical species · safety record
Ruta graveolens
The EFSA Compendium of Botanicals holds 34 constituent measurements, 5 adverse-effect records and 2 genotoxicity assays for Ruta graveolens. This page reports what those source records contain and how to reach them. It carries no effect estimate, no dose and no recommendation.
Accepted name in source: Ruta graveolens L.
Regulatory presence
Health Canada's Licensed Natural Health Products Database holds 111 licensed products naming Ruta graveolens as a medicinal ingredient, matched on the exact Latin binomial. A licence records that a product met the regulator's requirements for sale in Canada. It is not evidence that the product works.
Extract types on licence
Source material stated
What the records describe
Constituents measured
- Bergapten6
- Methoxsalen6
- Psoralen6
- Alkaloids2
- Furanocoumarins2
- Isopimpinellin2
- Arborinine1
- Coumarins1
- Dictamnine1
- Gamma fagarine1
Plant parts
- Live plants15
- Leaves11
- Stem6
- stalk6
- Unspecified3
- Aerial part of plants2
- Roots and other underground parts2
Preparations
- Solvent extraction36
Effect types
- Reproductive3
- Digestive1
- Neurotoxicity1
Target tissues
- Uterus2
- Cardiovascular1
- Liver1
- Testes1
- haematological1
Recorded constituents
What analytical work has found in this species, at which plant part and preparation. A measured constituent is a fact about material, not about effect.
| Substance | Plant part | Preparation | Concentration | Analytical method | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alkaloids | Leaves | Solvent extraction | 15.32 Milligram/gram | Colorimetry, Spectroscopy (Spectrometry) and Photometry | Resolve DOI |
| Bergapten | Leaves | Solvent extraction | 1.6 Milligram/gram | High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) | Resolve DOI |
| Furanocoumarins | Roots and other underground parts | — | — | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) | Resolve DOI |
| Isopimpinellin | Leaves | Solvent extraction | 0.1 Milligram/gram | High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) | Resolve DOI |
| Methoxsalen | Leaves | Solvent extraction | 1 Milligram/gram | High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) | Resolve DOI |
| Psoralen | Leaves | Solvent extraction | 1.3 Milligram/gram | High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) | Resolve DOI |
| Alkaloids | Live plants | Solvent extraction | — | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) | No resolvable identifier |
| Arborinine | Live plants | Solvent extraction | — | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) | No resolvable identifier |
| Bergapten | Leaves | Solvent extraction | ≥ 518 Milligram/100 gram | High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) | No resolvable identifier |
| Bergapten | Leaves | Solvent extraction | ≤ 900 Milligram/100 gram | High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) | No resolvable identifier |
| Bergapten | Live plants | Solvent extraction | — | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) | No resolvable identifier |
| Bergapten | Stem / stalk | Solvent extraction | ≥ 50 Milligram/100 gram | High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) | No resolvable identifier |
| Bergapten | Stem / stalk | Solvent extraction | ≤ 240 Milligram/100 gram | High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) | No resolvable identifier |
| Coumarins | Live plants | Solvent extraction | — | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) | No resolvable identifier |
| Dictamnine | Live plants | Solvent extraction | — | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) | No resolvable identifier |
| Furanocoumarins | Live plants | Solvent extraction | — | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) | No resolvable identifier |
| Gamma fagarine | Roots and other underground parts | Solvent extraction | — | Unspecified | No resolvable identifier |
| Graveoline | Live plants | Solvent extraction | — | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) | No resolvable identifier |
| Isopimpinellin | Live plants | Solvent extraction | — | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) | No resolvable identifier |
| Kokusaginine | Live plants | Solvent extraction | — | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) | No resolvable identifier |
| Methoxsalen | Stem / stalk | Solvent extraction | ≤ 5.1 Milligram/100 gram | High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) | No resolvable identifier |
| Methoxsalen | Stem / stalk | Solvent extraction | ≥ 0.7 Milligram/100 gram | High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) | No resolvable identifier |
| Methoxsalen | Leaves | Solvent extraction | ≤ 10 Milligram/100 gram | High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) | No resolvable identifier |
| Methoxsalen | Leaves | Solvent extraction | ≥ 0.9 Milligram/100 gram | High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) | No resolvable identifier |
| Methoxsalen | Live plants | Solvent extraction | — | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) | No resolvable identifier |
| Psoralen | Live plants | Solvent extraction | — | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) | No resolvable identifier |
| Psoralen | Leaves | Solvent extraction | ≤ 280 Milligram/100 gram | High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) | No resolvable identifier |
| Psoralen | Leaves | Solvent extraction | ≥ 70 Milligram/100 gram | High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) | No resolvable identifier |
| Psoralen | Stem / stalk | Solvent extraction | ≥ 15 Milligram/100 gram | High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) | No resolvable identifier |
| Psoralen | Stem / stalk | Solvent extraction | ≤ 78 Milligram/100 gram | High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)/Liquid Chromatography (LC) | No resolvable identifier |
| Safrole | Live plants | Solvent extraction | — | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) | No resolvable identifier |
| Scopoletin | Live plants | Solvent extraction | — | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) | No resolvable identifier |
| Skimmianine | Live plants | Solvent extraction | — | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) | No resolvable identifier |
| Umbelliferone | Live plants | Solvent extraction | — | Unspecified | No resolvable identifier |
Recorded adverse effects
Adverse effects reported in the source literature, most often in animal or laboratory models at a stated preparation and dose.
| Effect | Target tissue | Plant part | Preparation | Test organism | Test type | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Digestive | Liver | Unspecified | — | Human (as organism) | Case report | Resolve DOI |
| Neurotoxicity | Cardiovascular / haematological | Unspecified | — | Human (as organism) | Case report | Resolve DOI |
| Reproductive | Testes | Unspecified | Solvent extraction | Rat (as animal) | Reproduction toxicity | Resolve DOI |
| Reproductive | Uterus | Aerial part of plants | Solvent extraction | Rat (as animal) | Reproduction toxicity | No resolvable identifier |
| Reproductive | Uterus | Aerial part of plants | Solvent extraction | Rat (as animal) | Reproduction toxicity | No resolvable identifier |
Genotoxicity testing
Outcomes of genotoxicity assays as recorded in the source. A negative assay is a result under those test conditions, not a clearance.
| Outcome | Endpoint | Test | Tested organism | Metabolic activation | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive | DNA damage and/or repair | single cell gel/comet assay in mammalian cells for detection of DNA damage | Human (as organism) | Not applicable | Resolve DOI |
| Positive | DNA damage and/or repair | in vitro mammalian cell micronucleus test | Human (as organism) | Not applicable | Resolve DOI |
Cited sources
The literature the compendium cites for this species. Metatron Health has no relationship with these authors or journals and earns nothing from citing them.
- SCHIMMER, O., KIEFER, J., PAULINI, H. INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF FUROCOUMARINS IN SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM TA98 ON THE MUTAGENICITY OF DICTAMNINE AND RUTACRIDONE, PROMUTAGENS FROM RUTA-GRAVEOLENS L . Mutagenesis, 1991, vol. 6, no. 6, p. 501-506. DOI
- Wu, TS., Shi, LS., Wang, JJ., Iou, SC., Chang, HC., Chen, YP., Kuo, YH., Chang, YL., Teng, CM. Cytotoxic and antiplatelet aggregation principles of Ruta graveolens. Journal of the chinese chemical society, 2003, vol. 50, no. 1, p. 171-178.
- Manjula, B.L., Sushma Mani, K. RP-HPLC analysis of furanocoumarins-psoralen, bergapten and xanthotoxin in Ruta graveolens L. International journal of pharmacognosy and phytochemical research, 2016, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 235-238.
- Milesi, S., Massot, B., Gontier, E., Bourgaud, F., Guckert, A. Ruta graveolens L.: a promising species for the production of furanocoumarins . Plant science, 2001, vol. 161, no. 1, p. 189-199. DOI
- Novak, Istvan., Szendrei, Kalman., Buzas, Geza., Minker, Emil., Koltai, Matyas. Isolation of the active substance from rutae radix. I. Acta pharmaceutica hungarica, 1967, vol. 37, no. 5, p. 225-9.
- Al-Mahmoud, M.S., Elbetieha, A., Al-Muhur, R.A. Anticonceptive and antifertility activities of various Ruta graveolens extracts in female rats. Acta pharmaceutica turcica, 2003, vol. 45, no. 3, p. 203-212.
- Ciganda, C., Laborde, A. Herbal infusions used for induced abortion. Journal of toxicology-clinical toxicology, 2003, vol. 41, no. 3, p. 235-239. DOI
- de Carvalho, Alessandra Vargas., Luebeck, Irina., da Rocha, Mariana Balhego., Gueez, Camila Martins., Machado, Michel Mansur., Souza de Oliveira, Luis Flavio. Evaluation of the tickcide, genotoxic, and mutagenic effects of the Ruta graveolens L. (Rutaceae) . Acta scientiarum biological sciences, 2015, vol. 37, no. 4, p. 491-497. DOI
- Andon, T. M., Denisova, G. A. Localization of coumarin compound in secretory receptacles of Ruta graveolens. Rastitel'nye resursy, 1974, vol. 10, no. 4, p. 528-40.
- Logarto Parra, A., Silva Yhebra, R., Guerra Sardinas, I., Iglesias Buela, L. Comparative study of the assay of Artemia salina L. and the estimate of the medium lethal dose (LD50 value) in mice, to determine oral acute toxicity of plant extracts. . Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology, 2001, vol. 8, no. 5, p. 395-400.
- Hammiche, V., Azzouz, M. The Rues: ethnobotany, phytopharmacology and toxicity. Phytotherapie (paris), 2013, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 22-30. DOI
Boundary
A constituent measurement is a fact about material at a stated preparation, not a statement about what that material does in a person. An adverse-effect or genotoxicity record is an observation reported in a source, most often in an animal or laboratory model. Neither is a Metatron Health conclusion about causality, human risk or benefit, and the absence of a record is not proof that a preparation is safe. Nothing here is diagnosis, prescribing or individual medical care.
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